ZINC CONCENTRATION ΙΝ ΤΗΕ BLOOD OF PREGNANT WOMEN AND NEWBORNS ΙΝ NORMAL AND ABNORMAL PREGNANCIES
Keywords:
pregnancy, toxinemia, Zinc concentration,Abstract
Ιn 154 pregnant women during delivery as well as on the newborn we examined the quantity of zinc in the blood and the serum. For comparison purposes we studied the same quantity from 48 non-pregnant women who did not take contraceptives. The results of this research are the following. Ι. The quantity of zinc in the blood and the serum of the pregnant women are lοw as in the non-pregnant women and the average value as we can see from the literature in physiological and pathological pregnancy. II. Lowering of the zinc level is equally great in primiparas as well as in multiparas. III. The concentration of the Zinc level in the blood of all newborn is lower than of the mothers and non-pregnant women. More specifically the concentration of the zinc level in the newborn male is much less than the female ones. IV. The quantity of Zinc in the blood is independent from the Apgar of the newborn or from the physiological or pathological pregnancy. V. The concentration level of Zinc in the blood of the pregnant subgroup 7-16 is lower except the mothers with color amniotic fluid with pathological C.T.G. VI. The blood of the cord in the newborn of the test women we found less concentration on the Zinc level in comparison with the mothers and the ones in the literature with exception in the newborn with pathological C.T.G.References
ALEXIOU D., GRIMANIS Α.Ρ., GRIMANI Μ., PAPAEVANGELOU G., PAPADATOS C.: Concentrations of Zinc Conalt, Bromine, Rubidium and Gold in Maternal and Cord Blood Serum. Biol. Neonate 28, (1976) 191-195.
KYNAST G., SALING Ε.: The releνance of zinc in pregnacy. J. Perinat. Med. 8, (1980) 171-182.
HOLTEMEIER H.J., KUHN Μ.: Zink-und Magnesiummangel beim Menschen. Therapiwoche 22, (1972) 4536-4546.
MESSING Β., POITRAS Ρ., BERNIER J.J.: Zinc deficiency in total parenteral nutrition. Lancet II, (1977) 97-98.
ROW G., PETRIE J.J.: Zinc and dialysis anaemia. Lancet II, (1977) 457-458.
ANONYMOUS: Zinc deficiency in man. Growth and zinc deficiency. Lancet I, (1973) 299-300.
FODOR L., ESCHNER J., DICK W., AHNEFELD F.W.: Die klinische Bedeutung des Zinkmangelsyndroms. Zussammenhange zwischen Zinkmangel und Hypoproteinamie. Anasthesist 21 (1972) 456-459.
MISCHEL W., DREHER R.: Der Zinkstoffwechesel in der Schwangerschaft. med. Welt 32, (1963) 1594-1600.
APGAR J.: Effect of zinc repletion late in gestation on parthurition in the zinc-deficient rat. J. Nutr. 103, (1973) 973-981.
HURLEY S., SWENERTON Η.: Lack of mobilisation of bone and liνer zinc under teratogenic conditions of zinc deficiency in rats. J. Nutr. 101, (1971) 597-603.
DIAMOND I., HURLEY L.S.: Histopathology of zinc deficient fetal rats. J. Nutr. 100, (1970) 325-329.
VOJNIK C., JURLEY L.S.: Abnormal prenatal lung deνelopment resulting from maternal zinc deficiency in rats. J. Nutr. 107 (862-872).
DAUNCY M.J., SHAW J.C., URMAN J.: The absorption and retention of magnesium, zinc and copper by low birth weighth infants fed pasteurized human breast milk. Pediatr. Res. 11, (1977) 1033-1039.
JAMESON S.: Zinkmangel-ein obstetrisches Risiko. Selecta 20, (1978) 1914-1915.
PRASAD L.S., GANFULY S.K., VASUKI Κ.: Role of zinc in foetal nutrition. lndian Pediatr. 11, (1974) 799- 802.
EMSER W.: Fall eines Ehlers-Danlos-Syndroms und seine Behandlung mit Zink. Klin. Padiatr. 191, (1978) 397-402.
DUNCAN G.D., GRAY J.F., DANIEL L.J.: Effect of zinc on Cytochrome oxidase actiνity Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. 83, (1953) 625-627.
HUSAIN S.L.: Oral zinc sulphate in leg ulcers. Lancet, I. (1968) 1069-1071.
GREAVES M.W., SKILLEN A.W.: Effects of longcontinued ingestion of zinc sulphate in patients with νenious leg ulceratio. Lancet II, (1970) 889-891.
GOLDEN Μ.Η., HARLAND P.S., GOLDEN Β.Ε., JACKSON Α.Α.: Zinc and immunocompetence in proteinenergy malnurition. Lancet, I, (1978) 1226-1228.
KYNAST G., WAGNER Ν., SALING Ε., HEROLD W.: The releνance of zinc determination in amniotic fluis. 1st Communication: Deνelopment of the techniqoue and comparatiνe determination of zinc and protein. J. Perinat. Med. 6, (1978) 231-239.
SCHLIEVERT Ρ., JOHNSON W., GALASK R.P.: Bacterial growth inhibition by amniotic fluid. VI. Eνidence for a zinc-peptide antibacterial system. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 125, (1976) 906-910.
SCHLIEVERT Ρ., JOHNSON W., GALASK R.P.: Bacterial growth inhibition by amniotic fluid. Vll. The effect of zinc sypplementation on bacterial inhibitory actiνity of amniotic fluids from gestation of 20 weeks. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 127, (1977) 603-608.
TAFARIN Ν., ROSS S.M., ΝΑΕΥΕ R.L., GALASK R.P., ZAAR Β.: Failure of bacterial-growth inhibition by amniotic-fluid. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 128, (1977) 187-189.
ANTONIOU L.D., SHALHOUB R.J., SUDHAKAR Τ., SΜΙTH J.C. jr.: Reνersal of uraemic impotence by zinc. Lancet II, (1977) 895-898.
HARTOMA T.R., NAHOUL Κ., ΝΕTTΕR Α.: Zinc, plasma androgens and male sterility. Lancet II. (1977) 1125-1126.
HURLEY L.S.: Trace elements and teratogenesis. med. Clin. North Am. 60, (1976) 771-778.
CHEZ R.A., HENKIN R.I., FOX R.: Amniotic fluid copper and zinc concentrations in human pregnancy. Obstet. Gynecol. 52, (1978) 125-127.
HALSTED J.A.: Zinc deficiency and congenital malformations. Lancet I, (1973) 1323.
HOCHULI Ε.: Geburtshilfe, Cynakologie und Grenzgebiete. Hans Huber, Bern-Stuttgart-Wien 1980.
VAN LOON J.C.: Analytical atomic absorption spectroscopy. Academicpress, New York-London-Toronto- Sydney-San Francisco 1980.
STUDENT: Errors of routine analysis. Bionetrika 19, (1927) 151.
MUTCH Ρ.Β., HURLEY L.S.: Effect of zinc deficiency during lactation on postnatal growth and deνelopment of rats. J. Nutr. 104, (1974) 828-842.
WARKANY J., PETERING H.G.: Congenital malformatιons of the central nerνous system in rats produced by maternal zinc deficiency. Teratology 5, (1972) 319-334.
SANDSTEAD Η.Η.: Zinc nutrition in the United States. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 26, (1973) 1251-1260.
ROTHE Κ., PISKAZECK Κ., BILΕΚ Κ.: Das serum zik in der normalen Schwangerschaft sowie bei Fruh und Spattoxikosen. Arch. Gynak. 192, (1960) 349-364.
ROSNER F., GORFIEN P.C.: Erythrocyte and plasma zinc and magnesium levels in health and disease. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 72, (1968) 213-219.
HAHN Ν., PASCHEN Κ ., HALLER J.: Das Verhalten von Kupfer, Eisen, Magnesium Calcium und Zink bei Frauen mit normalen Menstruationszyklus unter Einnahme von Ovulationshemmern und in der Gravidat. Arch. Gynak. 213 (1972) 176-186.
McBEAN L.D., SMITH J.C.JR., HALSTEDT J.A.: Effect of Oral Contraceptive Hormones on Zinc Metabolism in the Rat. proc. Soc. Εxp. Biol. Med. 137, (1971) 543-547.
JAMESON S.: Effects of zinc deficiensy in human reproduction. Acta Med. Scand. 593, (1976) 1-89.
BIERBACH Η., HOLZMANN Η.: Das zinkmangelsyndrom. Dtsch., Med. Wochenschr. 104, (1979) 918-922.
MICHAELSSON G., JUHLIN L., VAHLQUIST Α.: Effects of oral zinc and vitamin Α in acne. Arch. Dermatol. 113, (1977) 31-36.
PANTELIADJS, C.: Beitag zur Analyse von Spurenelementen bei Neugeborenen. in: Betke Κ., Bidlingmaier, F (Hrsg.): Spurenelemente in der Entwicklung von Mensch und Tier. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Munchen-Berlin-Wien 1975.
KOHLER F.R.: Uber den Zinkstoffwechsel wahrend der Schwangerschaft. in Kruse-Jarres, J.D.: Zinkstoffwechsel- Bedeutung fur Klinik und Praxis. IM-Verlag, Bad Oeynhausen 1979.
PANTELIADIS C., BOENIGK Η.Ε., JANKE W.: Uber daw Spektrogramm der Spurenelemente bei Neugeborenen und Sauglingen. Infusionstherapie 2, (1975) 377-382.
HENKIN R.I., MARSHALL J.R., MERET S.: Maternal- fetal metabolism of copper and zinc at term. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 110, (1971) 131-134.
HOLSKI J.: Spurenelementebedarf bei operienten Neugeborenen. in Henschel W.F: Die Rolle der Kalium-Magnesium-Aspartat in der operativen Medizin und Intensivtherapie. Schattauer, Stuttgart-New York 1977.
BERFENSTAM R.: Studies on blood zinc; clinical and experimental investigation into zinc content of plasma and blood corpuscles with special reference to infancy. Acta Paediat. 41, (Suppl 87), (1952) 3-97.
HOVE Ε., ELVENHJEM C.A., HART Ε.Β.: The relation of Zinc to carbonic anhydrase. J. Biol. Chem. 136, (1940) 425-434.
